Comparison of Temporal Bone Parameters before Cochlear Implantation in Patients with and without Facial Nerve Stimulation

Venkatkrish Manohar Kasetty; Zachary Zimmerman; Sarah King; Mohammad Seyyedi

doi:10.7874/jao.2019.00129

Abstract

Background and Objectives

Facial nerve stimulation (FNS) is a complication of cochlear implantation (CI). This study compared the thickness and density of the bone separating the upper basal turn of the cochlea (UBTC) and the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve (LSFN) on preoperative computed tomography (CT) in patients with and without FNS after CI.

Subjects and Methods

Adult patients who underwent CI from January 2011 to February 2017 with preoperative CT at a tertiary referral hospital were considered for this retrospective case–control study. Patients were divided into two groups: with FNS (n=4) and without FNS (n=53). The density and thickness of the bone between the LSFN and UBTC were measured on preoperative CT. Charts were reviewed for other parameters.

Results

A statistically significant difference was seen in the thickness (p=0.007) but not in the density (p=0.125) of the bone between the UBTC and LSFN. Four patients had FNS at the mid-range electrode arrays, and one of them additionally had FNS at the basal arrays.

Conclusions

Decreased thickness of the bone between the UBTC and LSFN can explain postoperative FNS, confirming the histologic and radiologic findings in previous studies, which indicated that the thickness of the temporal bone between the LSFN and UBTC is less in patients who experience FNS. While the density in this region was also less, it was not statistically significant.

Keywords: Facial nerve · Electrical stimulation · Cochlear implants · Computed tomography.

Introduction

Cochlear implantation (CI) is a common procedure used to restore hearing when hearing aids are not sufficient. CI is a safe procedure with low complication rates. The complications of CI include facial nerve stimulation (FNS), vertigo, infection, meningitis, device extrusion, and device failure [1]. Stimulation of the facial nerve occurs in 1-15% of all cochlear implant recipients and can result in facial muscle twitch or spasm. This can be unnoticable to patients or can cause severe discomfort, which may stop the patients from using the implants [2]. A previous study suggested that problems may arise in the bone separating the upper basal turn of the cochlea (UBTC) and the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve (LSFN) [3].

UBTC is the part of the cochlea closest to the facial nerve and is the location of mid-array electrodes. A shunt of current from the electrode to the facial nerve could explain FNS after CI [4]. FNS is more prevalent in certain pathologies, such as otosclerosis [5].

Imaging procedures, such as computed tomography (CT) and/or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), are routinely performed before implantation. They show the temporal bone anatomy, which can help the surgeon visualize any cochlear malformations and determine the candidacy for implantation, implant type, and surgical approach [6]. After CI, audiologists work closely with the patient to adjust the implant’s parameters for optimal functionality and minimum adverse effects, such as FNS. Methods to reduce FNS include changing the current level and stimulation mode or deactivating the problematic electrodes. In severe cases, removal and re-implantation may be required [2]. Preoperative imaging may be useful in predicting FNS, limiting adverse effects, and avoiding excessive subsequent procedures, especially in cases of higher risks for FNS. In this study, we evaluated the factors (thickness and density of the bone between the UBTC and LSFN) that may affect FNS.

Subjects and Methods

A retrospective case control study was performed on adult patients who underwent CI from January 2011 to February 2017, with preoperative CT and follow-up at our institution. Approval was obtained for this study from the Augusta University Institutional Review Board Office (No. 1007721). The exclusion criteria were otic capsule fracture, congenital cochlear malformation, and low-resolution CT scans. The density and thickness of the temporal bone between the LSFN and UBTC were measured on the side of CI on high-resolution axial CT scans using the IntelliSpace PACS (Philips, Andover, MA, USA) application (Fig. 1). The density was measured in Hounsfield units (HU), and the thickness was measured in millimeters (mm). The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences software (SPSS Statistics for MAC version 25.0; IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA; 2017) was used for the statistical analysis. The Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the density and thickness of the temporal bone between the LSFN and UBTC in patients with FNS to those without FNS. p values <0.05 were considered significant.

Results

Fifty-seven patients, including 32 men and 25 women, were eligible for the study. The incidence of FNS in this study was 7% (4/57). The mean ages at CI of patients with and without FNS were 62.75 and 64.09 years, respectively. The mean thicknesses of the temporal bone between the LSFN and UBTC in patients with and without FNS were 0.53±0.35 and 0.95±0.22 mm, respectively. The mean densities of the temporal bone between the LSFN and UBTC in patients with and without FNS were 821±607 and 1282±296 HU, respectively. A statistically significant difference was seen in the thickness (p=0.007) but not in the density (p=0.125) of the bone between the UBTC and LSFN (Fig. 2 and 3).

Four patients experienced FNS at the mid-range electrode arrays associated with UBTC (Table 1). Among them, one patient also experienced FNS at the basal electrode arrays, although the implant was fully inserted. In only one patient who experienced FNS, the implant was not fully inserted.

Discussion

In a previous study with a large sample size of 600 individuals, the incidence of FNS after CI was 6.5%, while in our study, it was 7% [7]. In other studies, the incidence of FNS ranged from 1% to 15% [2]. Similar to other studies, we found that FNS usually occurs at the mid-electrode arrays, which is consistent with the electrode arrays located at the UBTC [7]. It has been hypothesized that FNS occurs because of a shunt of current from the electrode to the facial nerve at the UBTC, which is the region of the shortest distance from the electrode to the facial nerve [3,4].

Many studies aimed to determine the risk factors for FNS, such as a history of irradiation, cochlear-facial dehiscence, otosclerosis, probable decrease in bone segmentation, and short distance between the facial nerve and electrode at the UBTC. Hatch, et al. [8] found that patients with FNS had a thinner bone between the electrode and facial nerve at the UBTC. In their study, the average thickness of the bone between the UBTC and LSFN was 0.3±0.3 mm, which was not significantly different from our FNS group in a t-test (p=0.350), although our non-FNS group showed a significantly larger distance between the LSFN and UBTC (0.6±0.3 mm) (p<0.001). In our study, patients with FNS showed a lower density of the bone between the UBTC and LSFN but without statistical significance. It is possible that in high-powered studies with more patients in the FNS group, lower density becomes a risk factor for FNS. In addition, no patient in this study had otosclerosis. In a previous study on otosclerotic temporal bones undergoing CI, only patients with involvement of the bone between the UBTC and LSFN experienced FNS. In those cases, spongiosis reduced the density of the bone between the UBTC and LSFN [3].

As preoperative CT is routinely performed before CI, it would be beneficial for surgeons if the thickness and density of the temporal bone between the UBTC and LSFN could help predict FNS in order to prevent or minimize it. Hatch, et al. [8] predicted the occurrence of FNS only in 23% of the cases. To reach this goal, we may need high-powered studies, as mentioned previously. Knowing the likelihood of FNS before CI by studying the preoperative CT scan images may help better plan the implantation.

A limitation of the study is that preoperative CT was used to obtain the measurements in three of the four cases, while postoperative CT would be better than preoperative CT to determine FNS. Postoperative CT can demonstrate the effect of the trauma caused by insertion of the implant in the temporal bone, and insertional trauma may play a role in FNS. People with thinner bones between the electrode and facial nerve may be more prone to insertional trauma, especially as the studied region of interest is located at the curve of cochlea where the electrode needs to change the trajectory to remain inside the cochlea. Therefore, the tip of the electrode may hit the cochlear outer wall and fracture the thin bone between the electrode and the LSFN at UBTC.

The sample size of 57 subjects is another limitation of this study, as it might be deemed underpowered. The thickness of the temporal bone was a statistically significant factor determining the likelihood of FNS after CI. Patients with denser temporal bone segments were less likely to experience FNS but without statistical significance. In a high-powered study, this factor could be statistically significant. Thus, the surgeon could have another objective measure of the risk of FNS after CI.

In conclusion, postoperative FNS is a relatively common complication that can occur after CI. Our study showed that patients with FNS had lower thickness of the bone between the LSFN and UBTC on CT. The density of this region was also lower in patients with FNS, although not statistically significant. These findings warrant future studies to better predict FNS preoperatively.

Notes

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Authors’ contribution

Conceptualization: Mohammad Seyyedi. Data curation: Venkatkrish Manohar Kasetty and Sarah King. Formal analysis: Venkatkrish Manohar Kasetty and Mohammad Seyyedi. Investigation: Venkatkrish Manohar Kasetty, Zachary Zimmerman, Sarah King, and Mohammad Seyyedi. Methodology: Mohammad Seyyedi. Project administration: Mohammad Seyyedi. Resources: Mohammad Seyyedi and Sarah King. Software: Mohammad Seyyedi. Supervision: Mohammad Seyyedi. Validation: Mohammad Seyyedi and Zachary Zimmerman. Writing—original draft: Venkatkrish Manohar Kasetty, Zachary Zimmerman, and Mohammad Seyyedi. Writing—review & editing: All authors.

Fig. 1.

Preoperative computed tomography measurements of the otic capsule. (A) A right-sided preoperative computed tomography (CT) scan of a patient who did not experience facial nerve stimulation (FNS). (B) A magnification of Fig. 1A with the region of interest circled; the density and thickness of the circled region of interest were measured using the Philips Intellispace PACS (Philips, Andover, MA, USA) application. Similarly, (C, D) Right-sided preoperative CT scans of a patient who experienced FNS, with the corresponding region of interest circled; the density and thickness of this region were obtained. UBTC: upper basal turn of the cochlea, LSFN: labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve.

Fig. 2.

The mean thicknesses of the bone between the upper basal turn of the cochlea and the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve in patients with and without facial nerve stimulation (FNS) were 0.53±0.35 and 0.95±0.22 mm, respectively. A statistically significant difference was seen in the bone thickness (p=0.007). *p<0.05.

Fig. 3.

The mean densities of the bone between the upper basal turn of the cochlea and the labyrinthine segment of the facial nerve in patients with and without facial nerve stimulation (FNS) were 821±607 and 1282±296 HU, respectively. A statistically significant difference was not seen in the bone thickness (p=0.125). HU: Hounsfield units.

Table 1.

Demographics and facial nerve stimulation (FNS) data

Case	Age (years)	Gender	Etiology	Device	Onset of FNS after initial CI activation	Responsible electrodes	Solution
1	66	M	Acquired bilateral SNHL	Med-El pulsar	1 year	12	Deactivated
2	74	F	SNHL	Med-El sonata flex	3 months	5, 6, 7	Current decreased in 2 electrodes.
2	74	F	SNHL	Med-El sonata flex	3 months	5, 6, 7	Deactivated 1 electrode.
3	57	M	SNHL after meningitis	Cochlear nucleus	2 months	1-6	Pulse width widened but FNS still present.
3	57	M	SNHL after meningitis	Cochlear nucleus	2 months	1-6	Patient lost to follow-up.
4	54	F	SNHL w/post-op meningitis.	Med-El pulsar	2 years	12	Deactivated
4	54	F	History of CP angle meningioma resection	Med-El pulsar	2 years	12	Deactivated

CI: cochlear implantation, M: male, SNHL: sensorineural hearing loss, F: female, post-op: postoperative, CP: cerebellopontine

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