Patients Requiring Gastrostomy Tube Insertion After Total Laryngectomy Have a Higher Incidence of Otitis Media

Youngrak Jung; Ara Cho; Seungjoon Yang; Yutae Jeon; Seong Hoon Bae

doi:10.7874/jao.2021.00549

Abstract

Background and Objectives

Some reports propose an increased risk of otitis media and hearing impairment after total laryngectomy. However, the incidence of otitis media following laryngectomy and the mechanism remain unclear. This study aimed to identify the incidence and risk factors of otitis media after total laryngectomy.

Subjects and Methods

This retrospective cohort study assessed 77 patients who underwent total laryngectomy from 2010 to 2020 in a tertiary referral center. Serial imaging studies (computed tomography [CT], magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography-CT) were used to assess otitis media.

Results

The study enrolled 58 patients (mean age, 67.0±7.7 years; male, 56 [96.6%]); nine (15.5%) underwent a gastrostomy tube (four preoperatively and five postoperatively). Otitis media was confirmed in seven (12.1%) patients. Gastrostomy tube insertion was the only significant risk factor for otitis media (p=0.012). Of the nine patients who underwent gastrostomy tube insertion, four developed otitis media; all four had the procedure after laryngectomy.

Conclusions

This study found an increased incidence of otitis media after total laryngectomy. Swallowing difficulties likely contribute to otitis media as it occurred more frequently in patients requiring postoperative gastrostomy tube insertion.

Keywords: Otitis media · Laryngectomy · Gastrostomy · Incidence · Risk factors.

Introduction

Many surgical techniques try to preserve the larynx during laryngeal cancer or other advanced head and neck cancer treatments, such as partial laryngectomy and robot-assisted surgery. Despite surgical advancement, total laryngectomy remains a major surgical procedure for head and neck malignancies. Total resection of the larynx leads to remarkable anatomical changes in the patient’s head and neck by creating a discontinuity between the upper and lower airways and directly exposing the trachea. Communication problems from losing the voice are the most significant changes, but other issues include trachea dryness, crusting, and bleeding and common lower respiratory tract infections [1]. Further, nasal airflow interruptions lead to nasal mucosa modification, resulting in impaired nasal function [2].

Along with these problems, an increased risk of otitis media and hearing impairment after total laryngectomy has also been proposed [3,4]. In addition to losing the voice, postoperative hearing impairment exacerbates communicative problems, posing difficulties in conveying critical information during the immediate postoperative period and the rehabilitation process [5]. Anatomically, several factors increase the prevalence of otitis media after total laryngectomy. For instance, nasal airflow exclusion, decreased swallowing function, esophageal reflux, and postoperative radiation therapy can affect the middle ear status [6-10]. However, the incidence of otitis media following laryngectomy is not well investigated and there have been no recent studies regarding its mechanism.

This study aimed to identify the otitis media incidence rate and risk factors after total laryngectomy. If vulnerable patient groups are identified in advance, then the patients can be closely monitored and appropriate interventions implemented, which is important for postoperative care and rehabilitation.

Subjects and Methods

Participants

This study was approved by the ethics committee of Severance Hospital (approval number 4-2021-0814), and was a retrospective study that did not cause any harm to the study subjects; therefore, the requirement of informed consent was waived by the board. Medical records were reviewed from 2010 to 2020 to identify all patients who underwent total laryngectomy due to a head and neck malignancy; 77 patients were identified. The exclusion criteria were a lack of imaging preoperatively and six months postoperatively, preoperative history of an ear disorder (e.g., mastoidectomy, chronic otitis media, serous otitis media), and abnormal preoperative imaging findings in the mastoid cavity or middle ear. The preoperative imaging was implemented within 3 months before surgery. Based on these criteria, 19 patients were excluded, and 58 patients were enrolled. A retrospective chart review gathered the sex, age, radiation therapy history, esophageal and pharyngeal involvement in the resection margin, gastrostomy tube insertion, and esophagogram findings (pre and postoperative) for each patient. The esophagogram findings were evaluated on the basis of official readings.

Otitis media with effusion evaluation

Pre- and postoperative serial imaging studies were assessed for otitis media. The imaging studies included computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET) scans. The imaging findings of otitis media were soft tissue density in CT or PET-CT scans and higher signal intensity than the turbinate mucosa or similar intensity to cerebrospinal fluid in T2-weighted MRI images [10]. These findings in the middle ear cavity, antrum, or nearby air cells confirmed otitis media.

Statistical analyses

Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software version 25 for Windows (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Age, male sex, radiation therapy history, gastrostomy tube insertion, abnormal esophagogram (anastomosis site leakage or fistula), pharynx involvement, and esophagus involvement were assessed as risk factors for otitis media by logistic regression analysis. A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Patient demographics and otitis media incidence

In total, 58 patients were enrolled (Table 1). The mean age at the time of surgery was 67 (range, 52 to 83) years; 56 were men (96.6%). Of the 58 patients, 51 patients (87.9%) underwent pharyngectomy (partial or total) with total laryngectomy, and 18 (31.0%) also needed partial esophageal resection due to advanced disease. Nine patients (15.5%) underwent gastrostomy tube insertion (four preoperatively and five postoperatively). Adjuvant radiation therapy was administered in 35 patients (60.3%). Otitis media was confirmed in seven patients, and the otitis media incidence of 6 months postoperatively was 12.1%.

Otitis media risk factors after total laryngectomy

Only gastrostomy tube insertion was a significant risk factor for otitis media (p=0.016) (Table 2). Of the nine patients who underwent gastrostomy tube insertion, four developed otitis media (Table 3). Interestingly, all underwent the procedure postoperatively, and three of the four suffered postoperative structural complications. These structural complications were confirmed by esophagography and the three patients accompanied anastomosis site leakage. The patients who underwent preoperative gastrostomy insertion did not develop otitis media postoperatively.

Discussion

In our study, 12.1% of patients (7 of 58) developed otitis media within six months after total laryngectomy. In 2005, the World Health Organization reported that, globally, 51% of otitis media cases occurred in patients aged <5 years, and the global incidence rate was between 1.49 and 3.14 cases per 100 people-years for people aged ≥20. Given that otitis media in the general adult population is rare, the otitis media prevalence appears to increase after total laryngectomy [11,12]. In this study, gastrostomy tube insertion was significantly associated with otitis media, and 80% (4 of 5) of patients who underwent postoperative gastrostomy tube insertion developed otitis media. Considering that patients who underwent preoperative gastrostomy tube did not develop otitis media, it is likely that the predisposing condition prompting the tube insertion is a contributing factor.

Gastrostomy tube insertion was considered when a patient’s dysphagia or oral food intake restriction was expected to be long-lasting [13,14]. Given that the patients with preoperative gastrostomy tube insertion were otitis media-free, the predisposing factors like structural problems related to the gastrostomy tube insertion and surgery may cause otitis media. For instance, anastomosis site leakage requires oral intake restriction and saliva secretion inhibition, possibly reducing the swallowing rate and effort. Although there was no statistical significance in regression analysis, 5 of 7 otitis media with effusion (OME) patients exhibit anastomosis site leakage or fistula in esophagography images.

To date, there is no direct evidence that dysphagia causes otitis media. However, a reduced swallowing rate and effort can mitigate ventilation of the middle ear via the Eustachian tube [7]. This finding is supported by Atsmoni et al. [15], who reported that oral feeding is associated with better Eustachian tube function and lesser middle ear problems in tracheotomy patients. Further, Chung et al. [16] reported significantly more improvement from otitis media after tracheotomy in conscious patients than in unconscious patients in the intensive care unit, which also supports the relationship between swallowing and Eustachian tube function. Additionally, swallowing difficulties may result in the poor clearing of liquid contents from the nasopharynx that can regurge into the middle ear via the Eustachian tube. Indeed, laryngopharyngeal reflux disease (LPRD) has been associated with otitis media [8]. Similarly, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) has also been correlated with otitis media [17]. Together, gastrostomy tube insertion is likely not a direct cause of otitis media but rather the swallowing difficulty.

Several studies reported nasal cavity changes after total laryngectomy. Nasal airflow interruptions deprive the nasal cavity of its physiological functions, which is connected to increasing endonasal heat and humidity [18], decreased endonasal blood flow [19], and physical and histologic nasal mucosa changes. Although these changes can affect the middle ear, Meric et al. [20] reported that the Eustachian tube function was preserved after total laryngectomy. In our study, only 12.1% of patients had otitis media during the six-month postoperative follow-up period, a relatively short follow-up period compared to Meric et al. [20]. It is possible that the swallowing function could recover during a longer-term follow-up period. The short-term changes in Eustachian function after total laryngectomy should be investigated in future studies.

This study has several limitations. First, otitis media was only confirmed using by imaging study in 6 months after surgery. Other information, including clinical symptoms, physical exams, and tympanometry, was unavailable because of the retrospective review limitations. For this reason, there is also a possibility of misdiagnosed cases due to the lack of comprehensive and consecutive information. Second, more specific analyses regarding swallowing function are required. If an objective swallowing function measurement could be implemented, correlations between swallowing difficulty and otitis media could be identified. Third, other factors, including sinusitis, pneumonia, LPRD, or GERD, can be related to the OME development. However, in our cohort, only 2 of 7 patients had sinusitis and/or pneumonia in the perioperative period. Also, there were not available test results or medical records for evaluating reflux diseases. A larger cohort and more comprehensive data would be required to verify all possible factors that cause OME.

In conclusion, this retrospective study found an increased incidence otitis media rate in total laryngectomy patients. Swallowing difficulties likely contribute to otitis media as it occurred more frequently in patients requiring postoperative gastrostomy tube insertion.

Acknowledgments

This research was supported by the Basic Science Research Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea, funded by the Ministry of Education (NRF-2020R1I1A1A01067241 to SH Bae).

Notes

Conflicts of interest

The authors have no financial conflicts of interest.

Author Contributions

Conceptualization: Seong Hoon Bae. Data curation: Youngrak Jung, Seungjoon Yang, Ara Cho, Yutae Jeon. Formal analysis: Seong Hoon Bae. Methodology: Seong Hoon Bae, Youngrak Jung. Project administration: Seong Hoon Bae, Youngrak Jung. Writing—original draft: Youngrak Jung. Writing—review & editing: Seong Hoon Bae. Approval of final manuscript: all authors.

Table 1.

Demographic and clinical characteristics of enrolled patients

Factors	Value
Age (yr)	67.0±7.7
Male sex	56 (96.6)
Radiation therapy	35 (60.3)
Gastrostomy tube	9 (15.5)
Pharynx involvement	51 (87.9)
Esophagus involvement	18 (31.0)
Abnormal esophagogram	19 (32.8)
Otitis media	7 (12.1)
Total number	58 (100)

Data are presented as mean±standard deviaton or n (%)

Table 2.

Logistic regression analysis of otitis media risk factors

Factors	Value	Odds ratio	p-value	95% Confidence Interval
Age	Continuous	1.109	0.228	0.937-1.311
Male sex	Dichotomous	0.000	＞0.999	N/A
Radiation therapy	Dichotomous	3.909	0.310	0.281-54.453
Gastrostomy tube	Dichotomous	21.518	0.016^*	1.759-263.302
Pharynx involvement	Dichotomous	0.227	0.337	0.011-4.684
Esophagus involvement	Dichotomous	0.174	0.283	0.007-4.243
Abnormal esophagogram	Dichotomous	5.953	0.118	0.635-55.822

Model accuracy=93.1%. Nagelkerke R²=0.514. Hosmer & Lemeshow=0.826.

^* statistically significant.

N/A, not available

Table 3.

The clinical features of gastrostomy tube insertion patients

Patient	Primary site	Pharyngectomy	Esophagectomy	Gastrostomy	Otitis media	Reason for insertion	Timing of gastromy tube insertion
1	Hypopharynx	Partial	Yes	Postop	Yes	Anastomosis site leakage	Postop 1 mo
2	Larynx	Partial	Yes	Preop	No	Poor oral intake, aspiration	Preop
3	Hypopharynx	Total	Yes	Preop	No	Poor oral intake	Preop
4	Hypopharynx	Partial	No	Postop	Yes	Anastomosis site leakage	Postop 4 mo
5	Oropharynx	Partial	No	Postop	Yes	Poor oral intake	Postop 1 mo
6	Supraglottis	Partial	No	Preop	No	Poor oral intake	Preop
7	Hypopharynx	Total	Yes	Preop	No	Poor oral intake	Preop
8	Hypopharynx	Partial	No	Postop	Yes	Anastomosis site leakage	Postop 4 mo
9	Larynx	Partial	No	Postop	No	Aspiration	Postop 1 mo

Preop, preoperative; Postop, postoperative; mo, month

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